Table 1 Transition event progression rates and rate ratios comparing PPI versus H2B for trajectories derived from the process mining model.

From: Longitudinal trajectories unravel the complex interplay of medication, cardiovascular events, chronic kidney disease, and mortality

Transitions

PPI

H2B

PPI vs. H2B

Events

No. at risk

Risk, %

Median time

(IQR), years

Events

No. at risk

Risk, %

Median time

(IQR), years

Risk ratio

(95% CI)

p-value

Key transitions:

 Medication→CKD

69,177

273,569

25.3

2.4 (0.7, 5.7)

4181

21,165

19.8

4.0 (1.4, 7.7)

1.28 (1.24, 1.32)

< 0.001

 CKD→CVAE

12,355

73,823

16.7

2.1 (0.4, 4.7)

665

4466

14.9

2.7 (0.6, 5.4)

1.12 (1.05, 1.21)

0.002

 CKD→Death

17,659

73,823

23.9

1.1 (0.2, 3.5)

798

4466

17.9

1.4 (0.3 4.3)

1.34 (1.26, 1.43)

< 0.001

 CVAE→Death

11,610

24,707

47.0

0.03 (0, 1.2)

538

1421

37.9

0.05 (0, 1.8)

1.24 (1.16, 1.33)

< 0.001

Other observed transitions in the process model:

 Medication→CVAE

12,352

273,569

4.5

2.9 (1.0, 5.9)

756

21,165

3.6

3.9 (1.6, 7.3)

1.26(1.18, 1.36)

< 0.001

 Medication→Death

13,967

273,569

5.1

1.5 (0.4, 4.1)

568

21,165

2.7

3.5 (1.3, 6.7)

1.90 (1.75, 2.07)

< 0.001

 CVAE→CKD

4646

24,707

19.0

0.7 (0.1, 2.4)

285

1421

20.1

1.4 (0, 1.8)

0.94 (0.84, 1.04)

0.238

  1. **Risk is defined as the proportion of individuals with the outcome among those at risk, calculated as Events ÷ No. at risk. Risk ratio (RR): The crude RR compares risks between groups (PPI vs. H2B, or CKD vs. non-CKD) as Risk₍exposed₎ ÷ Risk₍reference₎, with 95% CIs derived using the log method. Median time (Interquartile Range, IQR) represents the time from the exposure event to the outcome or competing event, in years.
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