Fig. 9

Cosine similarity, diffraction similarity, and hierarchical clustering of factorized diffractions. a Conventional cosine similarities of diffractions factorized by the primitive and constrained NMFs. b Diffraction similarities of the diffractions factorized by the primitive and constrained NMFs calculated using Eq. (10). c Dendrogram based on the diffraction similarity of the primitive NMF. Insets show integrated factorized diffractions after rotation correction. d Dendrogram of the constrained NMF.