Fig. 9

Pairwise correlations between abiotic factors (t, ES, VWC) and hydration parameters (LWC, STWC, ABWC) in four experimental groups: healthy vegetative (hv), damaged vegetative (dv), healthy generative (hg), and damaged generative (dg) shoots of H. helix*. Ellipses represent 95% confidence intervals. Spearman’s correlation coefficients (r) are shown for each group and pairwise comparison. Note: Some panels were excluded from the correlation matrix as the analysis focused on the relationship between environmental factors and leaf hydration traits rather than intercorrelations among predictors.