Fig. 4
Simulation results for fractal, array, and bulk arrangements. (A) Snapshots at simulation time steps t = 0, t = 100, and = 400 for simulations conducted without energy consumption: (i) fractal, (ii) array, and (iii) bulk arrangements. (B) Snapshots at simulation time steps t = 0, t = 100, and t = 400 for simulations conducted with energy consumption: (i) fractal, (ii) array, and (iii)bulk arrangements. (C-D) Analytical results from 100 simulation runs: (C) Time series of bacterial pixel counts for fractal, array, and bulk arrangements under (i) no energy consumption and (ii) energy consumption conditions. (iii) Boxplot of bacterial pixel counts at t = 150 for each arrangement with energy consumption. (D) Time series of bacterial pixel counts within and outside the pillar periphery for fractal arrangement under (i) no energy consumption and (ii) energy consumption conditions. (iii) Boxplot of bacterial pixel counts at t = 150 for each region with energy consumption. The definition of the pillar periphery is illustrated in (D)(i). Statistical significance of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test is indicated by asterisks: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
