Table 4 Performance comparison of four metaheuristic algorithms.

From: A novel MPPT approach for photovoltaic system using Pelican optimization and high-gain DC–DC converter

MPPT algorithm

Tracking time

Tracking efficiency (%)

Fluctuation at transient

Steady-state oscillation (%)

Work on partial shading

P&O34

0.25

98

High

0.2

N

PSO35

0.23

97.8

Moderate

0.005

Y

CS18

0.22

97.6

Low

0.00008

Y

GWO17

0.24

97.7

High

0.004

Y

POA[proposed]

0.20

99

Low

0.00006

Y

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