Table 3 Chi square analysis of the association between general daily shoe type and footwar-related behaviors and plantar fasciitis-related symptoms (n = 401).

From: Footwear choices and their association with plantar fasciitis among adult women in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Symptom

Chi-square (χ2)

p-value

Likelihood ratio

LR p-value

Linear-by-linear association

Linear Assoc. p-value

Footwear behavior

 High heel use

11.268

0.046

12.56

0.028

0.048

0.827

Plantar fasciitis symptoms

 Pain after standing

3.303

0.653

3.254

0.661

0.002

0.961

 Heel swelling or sensitivity

1.985

0.851

3.434

0.633

0.141

0.707

 Stabbing heel pain

3.667

0.598

3.346

0.647

2.213

0.137

 Sever morning pain

2.412

0.661

2.295

0.681

0.328

0.567

  1. Likelihood Ratio: alternative chi-square statistic used when expected frequencies are small.
  2. Linear-by-Linear Association: chi-square test for trend across ordinal categories.
  3. “High heel use” represents a footwear behaviour, not a symptom. Other variables listed correspond to self-reported PF-related symptoms.
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