Table 4 Chi-square analysis of frequency of high heel use and plantar fasciitis symptoms (n = 401).

From: Footwear choices and their association with plantar fasciitis among adult women in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Symptom

Chi-square (χ2)

p-value

Likelihood ratio

LR p-value

Linear-by-linear association

Linear Assoc. p-value

Pain after standing long periods

7.943

0.047

7.847

0.049

0.465

0.495

Severe morning pain on first steps

2.552

0.466

2.377

0.498

0.664

0.415

Stabbing pain inside heel

0.989

0.804

1.054

0.788

0.019

0.891

Swelling or sensitivity in heel area

1.584

0.663

1.373

0.712

0.482

0.487

  1. Likelihood Ratio: alternative chi-square statistic used when expected frequencies are small.
  2. Linear-by-Linear Association: chi-square test for trend across ordinal categories.
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