Table 1 Parameters of the soil layer.

From: Investigation on performance of steel strut servo system braced deep excavation adjacent to existing buildings: a case study

Soil layer

E50ref (kN m−2)

Eoedref (kN m−2)

Eurref (kN m−2)

v

γ (kN m−3)

c (kN m−2)

φ (°)

Thickness (m)

Miscellaneous fill

8,000

8,000

24,000

0.3

18

10

25

4

Silty clay

5,000

5,000

15,000

0.3

18.6

17

28

6

Muddy clay

2,230

1,473

11,780

0.3

18.8

25

24

10

Clay

4,600

4,600

13,800

0.3

19

26

25

10

Fully weathered tuff

30,000

30,000

90,000

0.3

19.5

30

30

4

Highly weathered tuff

50,000

50,000

150,000

0.3

21

70

30

10

Moderately weathered tuff

100,000

100,000

300,000

0.3

22

110

30

76