Table 5 Classification performance of different approaches in fault detection.

FCA

Best performance across all metrics

FA

Comparable to PCA, but with better visualization

PCA

Suitable for high-dimensional data

RF [41]

Robust but lacks visualization capability

ANN [42]

Requires complex hyper parameter tuning

GB [43]

Prone to overfitting on small datasets

DT [44]

Simple but sensitive to noise