Fig. 1
Morphological and cardiac metabolic changes in adenine diet CKD model. (A, B) Plasma levels of creatinine and urea (Adenine n = 10, control n = 8, unequal variance t-test, *p < 0.05). (C) Haematocrit measurement (Adenine n = 10, control n = 8, unequal variance t-test, *p < 0.05). (D) ratio of heart weight to tibia length (Adenine = 9, control n = 8, Student’s t-test, *p < 0.05), (E–G) Echocardiography measurement of left ventricle internal diameter in diastole (LVID, d), end diastolic volume (EDV) and ejection fraction (Adenine = 10, control n = 8, Student’s t-test, *p < 0.05). (H) mRNA expression of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) and fatty-acid transporter CD36 relative to housekeeping gene 36B4 (Adenine n = 5, control n = 4. BNP analysed by Mann-Whitney U test, Glut4 analysed by unequal variance t-test and CD36 analysed by Student’s t-test, (*p < 0.05). (I) Ratio of PCr/ATP measured by 1H NMR spectroscopy in cardiac tissue from adenine CKD (n = 5) and control diet (n = 9) animals, displayed as fold change. Analysed by Student’s t-test, *p < 0.05. (J) 1H NMR spectroscopy of cardiac tissue from adenine CKD (n = 5) displayed as fold change vs. control diet (n = 9) group. Statistical analysis displayed was performed using Student’s t-test comparison for each metabolite on untransformed metabolite levels (#p < 0.05); results and values are displayed in Table S4. Data displayed as mean ± SEM. (I-J) Metabolomic data displayed were acquired by 1H NMR spectroscopy using the aqueous phase containing water-soluble metabolites from a methanol/chloroform/water extraction protocol. Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; PCr, phosphocreatine; ATP, adenosine triphosphate.
