Table 4 Maintenance of biosecurity guideline principle 3 (Flock health care and monitoring) across different poultry farm types.

Do you call or visit vet in your farm?

No

33.6(25-43.1)

15.5(9.1–24.0)

26.1(18.3–35.1)

25.4(20.8–30.4)

0.009

Yes

66.4(56.9–75)

84.5(76.0-90.9)

73.9(64.9–81.7)

74.6(69.6–79.2)

Do you have any sick bird in your farm?

No

83.2(75.0-89.6)

87.4(79.4–93.1)

88.7(81.4–93.8)

86.4(82.2–89.9)

0.451

Yes

16.8(10.4–25.0)

12.6(6.9–20.6)

11.3(6.2–18.6)

13.6(10.1–17.8)

Have you vaccinated your birds for agents known to have caused problems in the past?

No

97.3(92.4–99.4)

67.0(57.0-75.9)

98.3(93.9–99.8)

88.2(84.2–91.5)

< 0.001

Yes

2.7(0.6–7.6)

33.0(24.1–43.0)

1.7(0.2–6.1)

11.8(8.5–15.8)

Do you isolate or quarantine sick birds?

No

38.1(29.1–47.7)

30.1(21.5–39.9)

39.1(30.2–48.7)

36.0(30.8–41.4)

0.324

Yes

61.9(52.3–70.9)

69.9(60.1–78.5)

60.9(51.3–69.8)

64.0(58.6–69.2)

Do you use multiple antibiotics at the same time?

No

56.6(47.0-65.9)

58.3(48.1–67.9)

60.0(50.4–69.0)

58.3(52.8–63.7)

0.876

Yes

43.4(34.1–53.0)

41.7(32.1–51.9)

40.0(31.0-49.6)

41.7(36.3–47.2)

Do you keep expired antibiotic for further use?

Yes

40.7(31.6–50.4)

25.2(17.2–34.8)

32.2(23.8–41.5)

32.9(27.9–38.3)

0.053

No

59.3(49.6–68.4)

74.8(65.2–82.8)

67.8(58.5–76.2)

67.1(61.7–72.1)

Whom do you sell live bird?

Multiple

9.7(5-16.8)

1.9(0.2–6.8)

15.7(9.5–23.6)

9.4(6.5–13)

0.001

Retailer

11.5(6.3–18.9)

7.8(3.4–14.7)

16.5(10.3–24.6)

12.1(8.8–16.1)

Trader or middleman

78.8(70.1–85.9)

90.3(82.9–95.2)

67.8(58.5–76.2)

78.5(73.7–82.9)

Did you visit LBMs in last 1 month?

No

61.1(51.4–70.1)

44.7(34.9–54.8)

47.8(38.4–57.3)

51.4(45.8–56.9)

0.035

Yes

38.9(29.9–48.6)

55.3(45.2–65.1)

52.2(42.7–61.6)

48.6(43.1–54.2)