Table 6 Comparative analysis of physiological adaptations following 16-week training intervention.

From: Machine learning-based personalized training models for optimizing marathon performance through pyramidal and polarized training intensity distributions

Physiological parameter

Pyramidal training

Polarized training

Between-group

% change

p-value

% change

p-value

p-value

VO₂max (ml/kg/min)

+ 10.4 ± 2.3

< 0.001

+ 12.7 ± 2.6

< 0.001

0.042

vLT (km/h)

+ 9.3 ± 1.8

< 0.001

+ 6.7 ± 1.5

< 0.001

0.037

Running economy at LI (%)

+ 6.4 ± 1.2

< 0.001

+ 7.2 ± 1.4

< 0.001

0.128

Running economy at MI (%)

+ 7.4 ± 1.5

< 0.001

+ 5.2 ± 1.3

< 0.001

0.031

Running economy at HI (%)

+ 4.3 ± 1.1

< 0.001

+ 6.9 ± 1.3

< 0.001

0.028

Cardiac stroke volume (%)

+ 11.3 ± 2.3

< 0.001

+ 8.9 ± 2.1

< 0.001

0.043

Maximal sprint velocity (%)

+ 3.1 ± 0.8

< 0.001

+ 5.8 ± 1.2

< 0.001

0.021

Leg stiffness (%)

+ 4.7 ± 1.1

< 0.001

+ 8.2 ± 1.7

< 0.001

0.018

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