Table 1 Measurement question items for model latent variables.

Spatial perception

A1

I know where most of the exits are at the train station

A2

I know the function and layout of the train station floors

A3

I know the approximate walking time from my location to the train station exits

A4

I know the approximate distance from my location to the exits of the train station

A5

I know the emergency signs and evacuation routes at the train station

A6

I know exactly what’s on the train station PA system

A7

I know the crowd distribution and congestion at the train station

Group Panic

B1

I’ll panic when I hear about an emergency

B2

I’ll follow suit when I find out that other people are forwarding breaking news to each other

B3

I’d be afraid that the escape routes would be blocked in the event of an emergency

B4

I would be afraid that there would be no staff to guide the evacuation in the event of an emergency

B5

I’ll panic when an emergency causes the loss of some people’s belongings

Security Atmosphere

C1

I can notice hazardous situations and unsafe behaviors as they arise in a timely manner

C2

The staff will maintain order and allow everyone to escape in the event of an emergency

C3

The authorities will arrange for supervision at my station in the event of an emergency.

C4

The authorities will arrange for staff to maintain order at our train station in the event of an emergency.

C5

The train stations I’ve been to are equipped with fire-fighting equipment, evacuation signs

Non-adaptive Behavior

D1

I’d be tempted to hide and wait for help.

D2

I will ignore the staff’s instructions and evacuate on my own

D3

I’ll ignore calls for help and escape on my own.

D4

I’ll ignore the line and squeeze my way through the crowd to evacuate.

D5

I’ll take my chances with the smoke and look for an exit to evacuate.

D6

I’ll take my chances with the less crowded elevator.

D7

I’ll venture back to find the loose items.

D8

I’ll risk returning to help my family and friends who are trapped.