Fig. 4

Manhattan plot from FUMA-based assessment of cognitive ability structural equation model. Manhattan plot displaying MAGMA gene-based association results for cognitive abilities. The analysis tested 16,129 protein-coding genes using MAGMA implemented in FUMA software. The x-axis shows chromosomal positions (chromosomes 1–22), and the y-axis represents -log₁₀ (P-values) for gene-level association strength. Points are color-coded alternately (green and blue) by chromosome. The red dashed line indicates the Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold (P = 0.05/16,129 = 3.1 × 10–6, corresponding to -log₁₀ (P) ≈ 5.5), accounting for multiple testing across all genes analyzed. The green dotted line shows nominal significance (P = 0.05, corresponding to -log₁₀ (P) ≈ 1.3). The analysis identified 303 genes passing the Bonferroni-corrected threshold, which were used for subsequent pathway enrichment analysis. Gene-level associations complement the 206 independent genomic risk loci identified in SNP-level analysis.