Table 1 Bias of the time-series angles between those calculated using the developed system and test device.

From: Validity, reliability, and user perspectives of the newly developed joint angle measurement system: a preliminary study

 

Roll

Pitch

Yaw

Fixed bias

 

 Mean difference

0.14

0.05

0.13

  SD

0.78

0.84

0.91

  RMSE

0.79

0.84

0.92

  95% CI

0.10–0.18

0.01–0.09

0.08–0.17

 Upper LoA

1.67

1.71

1.93

  95% CI

1.59–1.75

1.62–1.80

1.83–2.03

 Lower LoA

-1.38

-1.60

-1.67

  95% CI

-1.47–1.30

-1.69–-1.51

-1.76–-1.57

 p-value

< 0.001

0.007

< 0.001

 Cohen’s d

0.183

0.065

0.144

Proportional bias

 r

-0.008

-0.009

< 0.001

 p-value

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.366

  1. SD: standard deviation; RMSE: root mean squared error; LoA: Limits of Agreement; CI: confidence interval.
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