Table 3 Bias of the joint angles between those measured using the developed system and universal goniometer.
All joints | Shoulder | Elbow | Hip | Knee | Trunk | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed bias | ||||||
Mean difference | 0.2 | 0.9 | 2.7 | -3.3 | -2.4 | 3.4 |
SD | 3.8 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 3.4 |
RMSE | 3.8 | 2.7 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 4.1 |
95% CI | -0.2–0.8 | 0.0–1.7 | 1.8–3.6 | -4.2–-2.4 | -3.4–-1.3 | 2.6–4.1 |
Upper LoA | 7.8 | 6.0 | 8.2 | 2.1 | 3.9 | 8.1 |
95% CI | 6.7–9.0 | 4.1–7.8 | 6.3–10.2 | 0.1–4.1 | 1.6–6.2 | 6.4–9.7 |
Lower LoA | -7.3 | -4.2 | -2.7 | -8.9 | -8.8 | -1.2 |
95% CI | -8.5–-6.1 | -6.0–-2.8 | -4.7–-0.7 | -10.9–-6.9 | -11.1–-6.5 | -2.9–0.4 |
p-value | 0.346 | 0.035 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Cohen’s d | 0.066 | 0.344 | 0.986 | 1.191 | 0.741 | 1.436 |
Proportional bias | ||||||
r | -0.018 | 0.039 | 0.022 | -0.072 | -0.034 | -0.030 |
p-value | 0.016 | < 0.001 | 0.160 | < 0.001 | 0.046 | 0.401 |
