Fig. 5

Tensile test of the unit cell. (A) FEM model of the unit cell under tensile loading, shown alongside an analogous spring model representing extension behavior with applied force (F) and displacement (x). (B) Experimental setup for tensile testing, including the unit cell, custom clamping components, and the UTM. (C) Comparison of force-displacement responses from FEM simulations and experimental measurements at three inflation pressures: 0.1 MPa, 0.15 MPa, and 0.2 MPa, demonstrating strong agreement between model and experiment.