Fig. 7

Bending test of the unit cell. (A) FEM model of the unit cell under bending load, shown alongside an analogous spring model representing torsional behavior, with applied torque (T) and angular displacement (\(\theta\)). (B) Experimental setup for bending testing, including the unit cell, an artificial joint, and the UTM. (C) Comparison of torque-angular displacement responses from FEM simulations and experimental measurements at three inflation pressures: 0.1 MPa, 0.15 MPa, and 0.2 MPa, demonstrating strong agreement between model and experimental results.