Fig. 4

Signal transduction pathways possibly involved in the regulation of I_Ks in canine ventricular cells. I_Ks: slow delayed rectifier K⁺ current, K_v7.1: voltage-gated potassium channel subfamily Q member 1 (KCNQ1), ß-AR: beta-adrenergic receptor, G_s: stimulatory G protein, AC: adenylate cyclase, cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate, EPAC: exchange protein activated by cAMP, Rap: Ras-proximate GTP binding protein, PCLε: phospholipase C epsilon, PKC: protein kinase C, Akt: serin/threonine kinase isolated from the AKR mouse spontaneous thymoma cells (also known as protein kinase B), NOS: nitrogen monoxide synthase, NO; nitrogen monoxide, PKA: protein kinase A, I_Ca,L: L-type Ca²⁺ current, Ca_v1.2: voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha1C (CACNA1C), Rad: Ras-related glycolysis inhibitor and calcium channel regulator protein, RyR: ryanodine receptor, [Ca²⁺]_i: intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration, CaM: calmodulin, PP1: protein phosphatase 1. “P” in yellow circle symbolizes protein phosphorylation.