Fig. 5

Estimated marginal mean cerebral oxygen exchange (HbDiff; HbO – HbR) by hearing aid program (Standard, DNN) for each prefrontal cortex subregion (left lateral, lower medial and right lateral) represented by a circle. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. **p <.01. Standard refers to the hearing aid’s default start-up program, which implements omnidirectional microphones, speech enhancement and fast-acting compression. DNN refers to the DNN-listening program, which implements a combination of directional microphones DNN-based noise management, and slow-acting compression.