Table 5 Optimized parameter configuration for particle swarm optimization algorithm.

Swarm population \(\left( {np} \right)\)

40

Termination criterion \(\left( {n_{max} } \right)\)

30

Dynamic inertia coefficients (ω_min, ω_max)

0.4,0.9

Lower band \(\left( {LB} \right)\)

0

Upper band \(\left( {UB} \right)\)

1000

Learning coefficients (c₁, c₂)

0.8, 0.8

Randomization r₁, r₂

0.2,0.3

Constriction factor m

2

Fitness evaluation metrics (γ₁, γ₂)

0.5, 0.5