Fig. 5

Model 3: Cardiometabolic Health Model. Panel (A) shows factor loadings for cognitive factors and their covariances as estimated when examining the association between the Cardiometabolic Health factor and each cognitive factor. Note that there is little difference in loadings compared to Model 1. Panel (B) shows standardized factor loadings of the Cardiometabolic Health factor on manifest variables (Systolic: systolic blood pressure; Diastolic: diastolic blood pressure; HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI: body mass index) and standardized path coefficients from the Cardiometabolic Health factor to each cognitive factor. Simple and Complex RT, as well as both Congruency and Multitasking variables were reverse scored to ensure that, for both latent and manifest variables, higher scores consistently reflect better performance or more favorable outcomes (e.g., higher education, better recall, lower task cost, faster reaction times). Solid black lines indicate p < 0.05; dashed grey lines indicate p ≥ 0.05. For cognitive variable names, see Table 1. For confidence intervals, see: https://osf.io/pu8st/.