Fig. 6

Model 4: Cardiovascular Health Model. This model includes both Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cardiometabolic Health factors. It shows standardized covariance coefficients of their association and how each factor relates to each cognitive factor, after controlling for their shared variance. Panels (A) and B present the model with both Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cardiometabolic Health factors allowed to load on BMI. Panels C and D present the model without BMI. Simple and Complex RT, as well as both Congruency and Multitasking variables were reverse scored to ensure that, for both latent and manifest variables, higher scores consistently reflect better performance or more favorable outcomes (e.g., higher education, better recall, lower task cost, faster reaction times). Solid black lines indicate p < 0.05; dashed grey lines indicate p ≥ 0.05. For cognitive variable names, see Table 1. For confidence intervals, see: https://osf.io/pu8st/.