Table 1 Overview of the cognitive variables.

NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery^a:

Oral Reading Recognition Test (ORRT)

Expressive language

Oral reading recognition

The proportion of correctly pronounced letters and words.

NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery^a:

Picture Vocabulary Test (PVT)

Receptive language

Picture vocabulary recognition

The proportion of correctly selected pictures that best match the orally presented words.

CANTAB^b:

Reaction Time (RTI)

Psychomotor speed

Simple RT

The sum of median reaction time (i.e., time from stimulus appearance to initiation of the response) and median movement time (i.e., time from response initiation to response completion).

Choice RT

The sum of median reaction time (i.e., time from stimulus appearance to initiation of the response) and median movement time (i.e., time from response initiation to response completion).

CANTAB^b:

Verbal Recognition Memory (VRM)

Verbal episodic memory

Immediate free recall

The total number of correctly recalled target words during the immediate free recall phase.

Immediate recognition

The total number of correctly recognised target words and correctly rejected distractor words in the immediate recognition phase.

Delayed recognition

The total number of correctly recognised target words and correctly rejected distractor words in the delayed recognition phase.

CANTAB^b:

Multitasking Test (MTT)

Task-set shifting and interference control

MTT multitasking cost (IES)

The difference in median reaction time between multitasking blocks (random sequence alternating between two rules: respond to the side on which the arrow appears vs. the direction the arrow points) and single-task blocks (respond to either side or direction across all trials).

MTT congruency cost (IES)

The difference in median reaction time between incongruent (e.g., arrow in left side but points right) and congruent (e.g., arrow in left side and points left) trials, averaged across single and multitasking blocks.

Task-switching paradigm (TSWT)^c

Task-set shifting and interference control

TSWT multitasking cost (IES)

The difference in mean reaction time between mixed-task blocks (randomly alternating between letter and number classification tasks) and single-task blocks (repeating the same task across all trials), averaged across incongruent and neutral trials. Often referred to as General Switch Cost.

TSWT congruency cost (IES)

The difference in mean reaction time between incongruent trials (i.e., target contains features from both cued and uncued tasks that are mapped to different responses) and neutral trials (i.e., irrelevant target feature is not mapped to any response) averaged across single-task and mixed-task blocks.