Fig. 11

An analysis of the latent space grouping of the embeddings for both teeth. The embeddings from the test sets of all folds were used for the calculations. Top row shows the inter-class distances, defined as the pairwise cosine distance between the L2-normalized geometric centroids of each developmental stage, depicting how well the embeddings were separated from those of different stages. The separability of stages in the latent spaces for tooth 38 shows stages 0 to 5 and stages 6 to 9 are highly grouped together, an undesirable outcome which is less pronounced for tooth 37. Bottom row plots the mean intra-class pairwise cosine distances per stage, showing how well each stage is grouped together in the latent space. The lower values for tooth 37 than for tooth 38 translate to better grouping for tooth 37.