Fig. 21
Predicted effects of co-supplementation on epithelial cells, immune cell densities and cytokine concentrations with age. The predicted steady state values on day 200 of the volume fraction of healthy (E) and damaged epithelial cells (\(E_{d}\)), densities of macrophages (M), regulatory cells (R), T-cells (\(T_{h}\)) and plasma B-cells (B) and concentrations of anti- (G) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (C) with age, from solving Eqs. (3)–(23) with baseline parameters given in Tables 1, 2 and 3 and age functions given in Figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5. A daily intervention is administered from day 0 to day 200 to individuals aged 20-80 years for dosing regimens N, CVD, AVD, P, CCS and ACS with baseline values of \(D^{0}=4.8\) and \(D^{1}=0.5\) nmol/L day−1 (no subscript on horizontal axis labels) and \(D^{0}=3.2\) and \(D^{1}=0.35\) nmol/L day−1 (subscript UK on horizontal axis labels).
