Table 3 IoT Vulnerabilities and Proposed Solution Benefits.

Authentication & Access Control⁵⁰

\(\bullet\) Device spoofing

\(\bullet\) Weak authentication

\(\bullet\) Unauthorized access

\(\bullet\) Network compromise

\(\bullet\) Data theft

\(\bullet\) Device hijacking

\(\bullet\) Cryptographic device signatures

\(\bullet\) DLT-based identity verification

\(\bullet\) Secure authentication protocols

\(\bullet\) Strong device identity verification

\(\bullet\) Tamper-evident access logs

\(\bullet\) Reduced unauthorized access risk

Data Integrity⁵¹

\(\bullet\) Data manipulation

\(\bullet\) Tampering during transit

\(\bullet\) False data injection

\(\bullet\) Incorrect sensor readings

\(\bullet\) System malfunction

\(\bullet\) Decision-making errors

\(\bullet\) Immutable ledger records

\(\bullet\) Cryptographic validation

\(\bullet\) Distributed consensus

\(\bullet\) Guaranteed data authenticity

\(\bullet\) Traceable data lineage

\(\bullet\) Tamper-resistant storage

Network Security⁵²

\(\bullet\) Man-in-the-Middle attacks

\(\bullet\) DDoS attacks

\(\bullet\) Traffic analysis

\(\bullet\) Service disruption

\(\bullet\) Data interception

\(\bullet\) Network congestion

\(\bullet\) End-to-end encryption

\(\bullet\) Distributed architecture

\(\bullet\) Reduced network overhead

\(\bullet\) Enhanced traffic resilience

\(\bullet\) Improved network stability

\(\bullet\) Reduced attack surface

Resource Management⁵³

\(\bullet\) Memory constraints

\(\bullet\) Processing limitations

\(\bullet\) Battery drainage

\(\bullet\) Limited security features

\(\bullet\) Performance degradation

\(\bullet\) Device failure

\(\bullet\) Optimized resource utilization

\(\bullet\) Efficient encryption

\(\bullet\) Balanced workload distribution

\(\bullet\) Sustainable security measures

\(\bullet\) Extended device lifetime

\(\bullet\) Consistent performance

Scalability⁵⁴

\(\bullet\) Network congestion

\(\bullet\) High latency

\(\bullet\) Transaction bottlenecks

\(\bullet\) System slowdown

\(\bullet\) Increased costs

\(\bullet\) Reduced reliability

\(\bullet\) IOTA’s scalable architecture

\(\bullet\) Low-cost transactions

\(\bullet\) Improved throughput

\(\bullet\) Enhanced system responsiveness

\(\bullet\) Cost-effective operation

\(\bullet\) Better performance at scale

Privacy⁵⁵

\(\bullet\) Data leakage

\(\bullet\) Unauthorized monitoring

\(\bullet\) Sensitive information exposure

\(\bullet\) Privacy breaches

\(\bullet\) Regulatory non-compliance

\(\bullet\) Trust issues

\(\bullet\) Confidential transactions

\(\bullet\) Access control mechanisms

\(\bullet\) Encrypted data storage

\(\bullet\) Protected sensitive data

\(\bullet\) Regulatory compliance

\(\bullet\) Enhanced user trust

Smart Contract Security⁵⁶

\(\bullet\) Contract vulnerabilities

\(\bullet\) Logic errors

\(\bullet\) Execution flaws

\(\bullet\) Financial losses

\(\bullet\) System exploitation

\(\bullet\) Security bypass

\(\bullet\) Automated security policies

\(\bullet\) Verified contract execution

\(\bullet\) Secure deployment protocols

\(\bullet\) Reduced human error

\(\bullet\) Consistent policy enforcement

\(\bullet\) Automated security responses

Real-time Monitoring⁵⁷

\(\bullet\) Delayed detection

\(\bullet\) Missed incidents

\(\bullet\) Incomplete logging

\(\bullet\) Security gaps

\(\bullet\) Slow incident response

\(\bullet\) Limited forensics

\(\bullet\) Continuous validation

\(\bullet\) Real-time anomaly detection

\(\bullet\) Comprehensive logging

\(\bullet\) Quick incident detection

\(\bullet\) Improved response time

\(\bullet\) Better forensic capabilities