Fig. 1

ß-diversity presented by Jaccard Emperor PCoA plots of gut microbiota in four groups. Jaccard Emperor PCoA plots show the maximum dissimilarity between samples from the four groups. Healthy controls are colored red, patients with PD only are colored blue, patients with DM only are colored green, and patients with concurrent PD and DM are colored purple, n = 310, p-value = 0.001. PD, Parkinson’s disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; HC, healthy controls; PCoA, principal coordinates analysis.