Table 2 Echocardiographic assessment within the groups.

From: The left ventricular mechanical dispersion as a marker of disease severity in transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis

Variable

Group 1 A *

(n = 17)

Group 1B *

(n = 16)

Group 2 *

(n = 15)

Group 3 *

(n = 52)

p

value

R-AVC (ms)

322.6 ± 58.5

327.2 ± 98.9

361.3 ± 56.1

351.2 ± 48.7

0.04

GLS (%)

– 15.1 ± 5.4

– 10.8 ± 4.1

– 19.4 ± 3.5

– 19.2 ± 3.6

< 0.001

LV mechanical dispersion calculated as the standard deviation of time-to-peak longitudinal strain across the entire cardiac cycle (ms)

85.1 ± 20.9

109.3 ± 21.1

71.8 ± 17.9

72.2 ± 22.3

< 0.001

LV mechanical dispersion normalised to heart rate [%]

9.7 ± 2.2

11.9 ± 2.6

8.1 ± 2.2

8.1 ± 2.2

< 0.001

LV mechanical dispersion restricted to patients without conduction abnormalities

85.0 ± 25.1

98.200 ± 9.4

71.8 ± 17.9

71.9 ± 22.2

0.02

LV mechanical dispersion restricted to systole

29.9 ± 27.0

29.7 ± 19.3

29.9 ± 24.5

27.9 ± 18.1

0.97

S-apical 2-chamber view (%)

– 15.2 ± 6.9

– 10.0 ± 5.3

– 18.0 ± 4.2

– 20.1 ± 4.2

< 0.001

S-apical 3-chamber view (%)

– 13.9 ± 5.4

– 7.9 ± 4.9

– 21.7 ± 5.2

– 18.9 ± 4.2

< 0.001

S-apical 4-chamber view (%)

– 15.7 ± 6.1

– 10.5 ± 5.9

– 18.2 ± 5.6

– 19.1 ± 3.6

< 0.001

S basal anteroseptal (%)

– 9.9 ± 4.5

– 8.7 ± 3.6

– 17.9 ± 6.8

– 17.1 ± 8.5

< 0.001

S mid anteroseptal (%)

– 14.9 ± 7.3

– 6.5 ± 6.2

– 20.2 ± 7.9

– 20.0 ± 7.6

< 0.001

S apical anteroseptal (%)

– 19.9 ± 9.8

– 18.0 ± 8.1

– 23.7 ± 10.8

– 20.8 ± 7.9

0.36

S basal anterior (%)

– 11.2 ± 8.5

– 5.6 ± 5.1

– 19.3 ± 11.1

– 20.2 ± 9.7

< 0.001

S mid anterior (%)

– 14.9 ± 7.9

– 12.8 ± 5.4

– 15.2 ± 8.1

– 18.5 ± 7.4

0.03

S apical anterior (%)

– 20.8 ± 8.7

– 16.6 ± 7.9

– 16.2 ± 7.3

– 17.4 ± 7.7

0.33

S basal anterolateral (%)

– 11.2 ± 9.8

– 5.6 ± 3.5

– 24.2 ± 11.4

– 21.7 ± 9.6

< 0.001

S mid anterolateral (%)

– 12.5 ± 8.7

– 13.7 ± 7.5

– 14.8 ± 6.4

– 16.7 ± 5.8

0.11

S apical anterolateral (%)

– 24.5 ± 7.4

– 18.7 ± 10.0

– 17.9 ± 6.7

– 18.2 ± 6.8

0.03

S basal inferolateral (%)

– 10.3 ± 9.8

– 6.1 ± 5.9

– 26.7 ± 11.6

– 21.7 ± 9.9

< 0.001

S mid inferolateral (%)

– 13.0 ± 7.6

– 11.7 ± 5.5

– 13.6 ± 6.5

– 16.2 ± 8.1

0.12

S apical inferolateral (%)

– 20.3 ± 8.8

– 16.9 ± 8.8

– 22.8 ± 7.9

– 20.4 ± 7.0

0.22

S basal inferior (%)

– 10.4 ± 8.9

– 5.0 ± 6.1

– 13.8 ± 7.4

– 19.3 ± 8.8

< 0.001

S mid inferior (%)

– 14.1 ± 7.2

– 10.7 ± 4.7

– 20.9 ± 6.2

– 20.8 ± 6.5

< 0.001

S apical inferior (%)

– 20.9 ± 7.9

– 16.5 ± 8.7

– 20.5 ± 7.2

– 24.1 ± 7.4

0.008

S basal inferoseptal (%)

– 10.8 ± 7.6

– 6.4 ± 5.3

– 12.5 ± 6.4

– 14.2 ± 6.1

0.006

S mid inferoseptal (%)

– 13.9 ± 6.6

– 10.1 ± 3.9

– 19.6 ± 6.9

– 20.3 ± 4.4

< 0.001

S apical inferoseptal (%)

– 19.8 ± 8.7

– 19.9 ± 8.9

– 25.5 ± 6.9

– 24.7 ± 4.9

0.08

LV interventricular septum thickness (mm)

17.9 ± 3.8

20.8 ± 1.9

10.2 ± 1.7

11.1 ± 2.3

< 0.001

LV posterior wall thickness (mm)

17.3 ± 3.8

18.8 ± 4.1

9.8 ± 1.9

10.6 ± 2.1

< 0.001

LV maximum wall thickness (mm)

18.8 ± 4.5

22.3 ± 1.9

10.5 ± 1.7

11.7 ± 2.2

< 0.001

LV mass index (g/m2)

203.6 ± 79.2

213.7 ± 30.5

84.9 ± 21.7

96.3 ± 26.5

< 0.001

LV end-diastolic diameter (mm)

46.1 ± 7.4

41,3 ± 6.1

45.1 ± 4.8

45.4 ± 5.7

0.09

LV end-diastolic volume (ml)

115.6 ± 41.5

82.9 ± 36.9

101.4 ± 19.8

96.1 ± 27.0

0.04

Left atrium area (cm2)

26.6 ± 5.8

32.5 ± 6.7

17.6 ± 4.2

17.2 ± 3.9

< 0.001

Left atrium volume index (ml/m2)

46.3 ± 13.9

62.4 ± 21.5

26.6 ± 9.0

25.7 ± 9.4

< 0.001

LV ejection fraction (%)

47.8 ± 14.5

38.3 ± 9.6

61.6 ± 4.0

62.3 ± 4.9

< 0.001

Stroke volume (ml)

65.5 ± 23.1

48.4 ± 15.1

67.1 ± 0.7

61.7 ± 20.5

0.06

LV VTI (cm)

20.5 ± 7.7

16.2 ± 4.3

22.4 ± 4.2

21.7 ± 4.8

0.004

E/A

1.4 ± 0.7

2.4 ± 0.8

1.4 ± 0.4

1.2 ± 0.4

0.001

E/E’

18.3 ± 11.2

21.2 ± 8.9

6.1 ± 1.9

7.3 ± 1.8

< 0.001

LV lateral wall TDI S’(cm/s)

5.2 ± 1.8

4.5 ± 2.7

9.0 ± 2.3

8.1 ± 2.5

< 0.001

LV lateral wall TDI E’ (cm/s)

7.4 ± 2.8

6.0 ± 2.5

15.2 ± 3.5

13.7 ± 4.5

< 0.001

LV lateral wall TDI A’ (cm/s)

7.2 ± 4.1

3.7 ± 1.8

9.4 ± 2.6

9.9 ± 2.9

< 0.001

LV interventricular septum TDI S’ (cm/s)

4.7 ± 1.5

4.1 ± 1.3

7.2 ± 1.2

7.3 ± 1.6

< 0.001

LV interventricular septum TDI E’ (cm/s)

8.6 ± 5.1

3.9 ± 1.5

10.2 ± 2.0

10.7 ± 7.9

< 0.001

LV interventricular septum TDI A’ (cm/s)

6.9 ± 3.8

3.2 ± 2.2

8.2 ± 2.1

8.6 ± 2.6

< 0.001

RV thickness (mm)

7.3 ± 2.9

6.9 ± 1.7

4.3 ± 1.1

4.7 ± 1.9

< 0.001

RV outflow tract diameter (mm)

34.0 ± 7.7

34.0 ± 5.8

28.6 ± 5.0

27.9 ± 4.7

< 0.001

Right atrium area (cm2)

24.1 ± 6.7

27.7 ± 8.2

15.0 ± 3.5

14.6 ± 3.9

< 0.001

Right atrium volume index (ml/m2)

14.7 ± 13.9

53.4 ± 17.9

19.8 ± 5.7

20.3 ± 6.6

< 0.001

RV VTI (cm)

16.7 ± 6.0

11.6 ± 2.7

16.3 ± 3.4

17.6 ± 3.8

< 0.001

TAPSE (mm)

17.4 ± 4.9

13.7 ± 5.5

23.9 ± 3.5

22.8 ± 3.2

< 0.001

sPAP (mmHg)

31.2 ± 13.5

35.9 ± 9.8

21.4 ± 5.8

22.0 ± 5.0

< 0.001

RV TDI S’ (cm/s)

9.2 ± 3.0

7.9 ± 3.1

12.3 ± 2.1

12.5 ± 2.3

< 0.001

RV TDI E’ (cm/s)

8.1 ± 2.4

8.3 ± 4.1

11.7 ± 4.4

12.9 ± 3.6

< 0.001

RV TDI A’(cm/s)

9.8 ± 6.2

6.4 ± 4.6

13.8 ± 5.7

13.3 ± 3.9

< 0.001

Apical sparing

11 (65%)

14 (88%)

3 (20%)

16 (31%)

< 0.001

Ground glass appearance of myocardium

16 (94%)

15 (94%)

13 (87%)

38 (73%)

0.04

‘’5-5-5’’ sign

4 (24%)

8 (50%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

< 0.001

  1. * Categorical data are presented as percentage, while continuous variables are reported as the mean ± one standard deviation or the median (IQR). Values considered statistically significant are indicated in bold font. Abbreviations are listed in the Table 1 legend. GLS - global longitudinal strain; LV - left ventricle; RV - right ventricle; S - peak systolic longitudinal strain; sPAP - systolic pulmonary artery pressure; TAPSE - tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TDI - Tissue Doppler Imaging; VTI -Velocity Time Integral.
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