Table 2 Item-by-item quality assessment using TRIPOD + AI criteria (n = 88).

From: Global performance of machine learning models to predict all-cause mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis

Study

Title

Abstract

Background

Objectives

Data

Participants

Data preparation

Outcome

1

2

3a

3b

3c

4

5a

5b

6a

6b

6c

7

8a

8b

8c

Banerjee et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Meredith et al., 2002

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Li et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Barsasella et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Wang Y. et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Díez-Sanmartín et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Xiong J et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Lin et al., 2019

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

Liu et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

Shi et al., 2012

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

L. Shi, X.C. Wang, Y.S. Wang, 2013

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

Puddu and Menotti, 2012

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

Harris et al., 2019

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

Takahama et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

Arostegui et al., 2018

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

Jing et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Tedesco et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

Sakr et al., 2017

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

Jones et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

Singh et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

Lu et al., 2019

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Siegersma et al., 2022

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Ulloa Cer0 et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Wang et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Mohammad et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

Valsaraj et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Li et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Zhou et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

Giang et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

Forte et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

Bergquist et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Hernesniemi et al., 2019

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

Heyman et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

Qiu et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Niedziela et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

Mostafaei et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

Cui et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

Parikh et al., 2019

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

Tong et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

de Capretz et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

Tian et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

Mamprin et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

Motwani et al., 2016

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

Santos et al., 2019

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

Feng et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

Yu et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

Tamminen et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

Xu et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Katsiferis et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Kanda et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

Lu et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

Scrutinio et al., 2020

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

Li et al., 2020

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

Guo et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

Wang et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

Li et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

Asrian et al., 2024

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

Ivanics et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

 

0

1

0

0

Behnoush et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

Kampaktsis et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

Lin et al., 2020

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Lin et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

Liu et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

Forssten et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Alimbayev et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

El-Bouri et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

Park et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Penso et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Guo et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Abedi et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Zhou et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Rauf et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

Shi et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

Zhou et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

Lee et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

Tran et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

Raghunath et al., 2020

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Kawano et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Weng et al., 2019

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

Zhou et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Huang et al., 2017

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

Sheng et al., 2020

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Zachariah et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Unterhuber et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Wu et al., 2024

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Hwangbo et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Ross et al., 2016

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Wang et al., 2019

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

Study

Predictors

Sample size

Missing data

Analytical methods

Class imbalance

Fairness

Model output

9a

9b

9c

10

11

12a

12b

12c

12d

12e

12f.

12 g

13

14

15

Banerjee et al., 2021

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

Meredith et al., 2002

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

Li et al., 2023

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

Barsasella et al., 2022

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

Wang Y. et al., 2021

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

Díez-Sanmartín et al., 2023

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

Xiong J et al., 2023

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

Lin et al., 2019

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

Liu et al., 2022

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

Shi et al., 2012

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

L. Shi, X.C. Wang, Y.S. Wang, 2013

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

Puddu and Menotti, 2012

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

Harris et al., 2019

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

Takahama et al., 2023

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

Arostegui et al., 2018

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

Jing et al., 2022

1

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Tedesco et al., 2021

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

Sakr et al., 2017

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

Jones et al., 2021

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

Singh et al., 2022

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

Lu et al., 2019

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Siegersma et al., 2022

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Ulloa Cer0 et al., 2021

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

Wang et al., 2021

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

Mohammad et al., 2022

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Valsaraj et al., 2023

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

Li et al., 2023

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Zhou et al., 2022

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Giang et al., 2021

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Forte et al., 2021

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

Bergquist et al., 2021

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

Hernesniemi et al., 2019

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

Heyman et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

Qiu et al., 2022

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

Niedziela et al., 2021

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

Mostafaei et al., 2023

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

Cui et al., 2022

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

Parikh et al., 2019

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

Tong et al., 2021

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

de Capretz et al., 2023

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

Tian et al., 2023

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

Mamprin et al., 2021

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

Motwani et al., 2016

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

Santos et al., 2019

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

Feng et al., 2023

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

Yu et al., 2022

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

Tamminen et al., 2021

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

Xu et al., 2023

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

Katsiferis et al., 2023

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

Kanda et al., 2022

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

Lu et al., 2021

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

Scrutinio et al., 2020

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

Li et al., 2020

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

Guo et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

Wang et al., 2023

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

Li et al., 2023

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

Asrian et al., 2024

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

Ivanics et al., 2023

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

Behnoush et al., 2023

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

Kampaktsis et al., 2023

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Lin et al., 2020

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Lin et al., 2023

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Liu et al., 2022

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

Forssten et al., 2021

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Alimbayev et al., 2023

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

El-Bouri et al., 2023

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Park et al., 2022

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

Penso et al., 2021

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Guo et al., 2021

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

Abedi et al., 2021

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Zhou et al., 2023

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Rauf et al., 2023

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Shi et al., 2022

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Zhou et al., 2021

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Lee et al., 2021

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Tran et al., 2023

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Raghunath et al., 2020

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

Kawano et al., 2022

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

Weng et al., 2019

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Zhou et al., 2021

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Huang et al., 2017

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Sheng et al., 2020

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Zachariah et al., 2022

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Unterhuber et al., 2021

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Wu et al., 2024

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Hwangbo et al., 2022

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Ross et al., 2016

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Wang et al., 2019

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

Study

Training versus evaluation

Ethical approval

Funding

Conflict of interest

Protocol

Registration

Data sharing

Code sharing

Patient and public involvement

Participants

Model development

Model specification

 

16

17

18a

18b

18c

18d

18e

18f.

19

20a

20b

20c

21

22

Banerjee et al., 2021

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

 

Meredith et al., 2002

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

 

Li et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

 

Barsasella et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

 

Wang Y. et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

 

Díez-Sanmartín et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

 

Xiong J et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

 

Lin et al., 2019

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

 

Liu et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

 

Shi et al., 2012

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

 

L. Shi, X.C. Wang, Y.S. Wang, 2013

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

 

Puddu and Menotti, 2012

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

 

Harris et al., 2019

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

 

Takahama et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

 

Arostegui et al., 2018

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

 

Jing et al., 2022

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Tedesco et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

 

Sakr et al., 2017

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

 

Jones et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

 

Singh et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

 

Lu et al., 2019

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Siegersma et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Ulloa Cer0 et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Wang et al., 2021

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Mohammad et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Valsaraj et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Li et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Zhou et al., 2022

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Giang et al., 2021

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Forte et al., 2021

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

 

Bergquist et al., 2021

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

 

Hernesniemi et al., 2019

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

 

Heyman et al., 2021

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

 

Qiu et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

 

Niedziela et al., 2021

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

 

Mostafaei et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

 

Cui et al., 2022

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

 

Parikh et al., 2019

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

 

Tong et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

 

de Capretz et al., 2023

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

 

Tian et al., 2023

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

 

Mamprin et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

 

Motwani et al., 2016

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

 

Santos et al., 2019

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

 

Feng et al., 2023

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

 

Yu et al., 2022

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

 

Tamminen et al., 2021

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

 

Xu et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

 

Katsiferis et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

 

Kanda et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

 

Lu et al., 2021

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

 

Scrutinio et al., 2020

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

 

Li et al., 2020

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

 

Guo et al., 2022

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

 

Wang et al., 2023

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

 

Li et al., 2023

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

 

Asrian et al., 2024

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

 

Ivanics et al., 2023

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

 

Behnoush et al., 2023

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

 

Kampaktsis et al., 2023

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Lin et al., 2020

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Lin et al., 2023

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Liu et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Forssten et al., 2021

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Alimbayev et al., 2023

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

El-Bouri et al., 2023

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Park et al., 2022

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Penso et al., 2021

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Guo et al., 2021

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Abedi et al., 2021

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Zhou et al., 2023

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Rauf et al., 2023

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Shi et al., 2022

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Zhou et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Lee et al., 2021

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Tran et al., 2023

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Raghunath et al., 2020

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

 

Kawano et al., 2022

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

 

Weng et al., 2019

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Zhou et al., 2021

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Huang et al., 2017

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Sheng et al., 2020

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Zachariah et al., 2022

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Unterhuber et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

1

 

Wu et al., 2024

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Hwangbo et al., 2022

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Ross et al., 2016

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Wang et al., 2019

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

 

Study

Model performance

Model updating

Interpretation

Limitations

Usability of the model in the context of current care

Final score

 

23a

23b

24

25

26

27a

27b

27c

  

Banerjee et al., 2021

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

35

      

Meredith et al., 2002

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

33

      

Li et al., 2023

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

38

      

Barsasella et al., 2022

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

38

      

Wang Y. et al., 2021

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

38

      

Díez-Sanmartín et al., 2023

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

39

      

Xiong J et al., 2023

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

39

      

Lin et al., 2019

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

39

      

Liu et al., 2022

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

41

      

Shi et al., 2012

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

33

      

L. Shi, X.C. Wang, Y.S. Wang, 2013

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

36

      

Puddu and Menotti, 2012

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

40

      

Harris et al., 2019

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

40

      

Takahama et al., 2023

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

45

      

Arostegui et al., 2018

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

42

      

Jing et al., 2022

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

30

      

Tedesco et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

41

      

Sakr et al., 2017

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

40

      

Jones et al., 2021

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

41

      

Singh et al., 2022

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

42

      

Lu et al., 2019

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

33

      

Siegersma et al., 2022

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

31

      

Ulloa Cer0 et al., 2021

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

33

      

Wang et al., 2021

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

29

      

Mohammad et al., 2022

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

33

      

Valsaraj et al., 2023

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

33

      

Li et al., 2023

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

31

      

Zhou et al., 2022

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

31

      

Giang et al., 2021

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

31

      

Forte et al., 2021

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

27

      

Bergquist et al., 2021

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

32

      

Hernesniemi et al., 2019

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

27

      

Heyman et al., 2021

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

31

      

Qiu et al., 2022

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

36

      

Niedziela et al., 2021

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

25

      

Mostafaei et al., 2023

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

38

      

Cui et al., 2022

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

30

      

Parikh et al., 2019

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

30

      

Tong et al., 2021

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

25

      

de Capretz et al., 2023

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

30

      

Tian et al., 2023

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

31

      

Mamprin et al., 2021

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

37

      

Motwani et al., 2016

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

24

      

Santos et al., 2019

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

27

      

Feng et al., 2023

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

26

      

Yu et al., 2022

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

28

      

Tamminen et al., 2021

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

23

      

Xu et al., 2023

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

36

      

Katsiferis et al., 2023

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

36

      

Kanda et al., 2022

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

33

      

Lu et al., 2021

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

25

      

Scrutinio et al., 2020

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

25

      

Li et al., 2020

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

24

      

Guo et al., 2022

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

29

      

Wang et al., 2023

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

32

      

Li et al., 2023

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

30

      

Asrian et al., 2024

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

24

      

Ivanics et al., 2023

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

33

      

Behnoush et al., 2023

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

31

      

Kampaktsis et al., 2023

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

31

      

Lin et al., 2020

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

29

      

Lin et al., 2023

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

31

      

Liu et al., 2022

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

34

      

Forssten et al., 2021

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

30

      

Alimbayev et al., 2023

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

29

      

El-Bouri et al., 2023

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

29

      

Park et al., 2022

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

31

      

Penso et al., 2021

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

31

      

Guo et al., 2021

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

31

      

Abedi et al., 2021

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

31

      

Zhou et al., 2023

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

28

      

Rauf et al., 2023

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

28

      

Shi et al., 2022

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

29

      

Zhou et al., 2021

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

38

      

Lee et al., 2021

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

32

      

Tran et al., 2023

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

30

      

Raghunath et al., 2020

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

35

      

Kawano et al., 2022

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

35

      

Weng et al., 2019

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

34

      

Zhou et al., 2021

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

29

      

Huang et al., 2017

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

28

      

Sheng et al., 2020

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

29

      

Zachariah et al., 2022

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

29

      

Unterhuber et al., 2021

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

34

      

Wu et al., 2024

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

30

      

Hwangbo et al., 2022

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

30

      

Ross et al., 2016

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

28

      

Wang et al., 2019

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

29

      
  1. Comprehensive quality assessment results showing compliance with each of the 27 TRIPOD + AI reporting criteria across all included studies, with final quality scores ranging from 23 to 45 points.
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