Table 2 Comparison of the fluoride adsorption capacities of various adsorbents reported in the literature.

From: Efficient defluoridation of high-fluoride water using rare earth-based adsorbents: adsorption performance, mechanism, and kinetics

Adsorbent

pH

Qm(mg/g)

References

Magnetic bone biochar37

8.0

5.23

(Zhou et al., 2019)

Fe-La composite38

3.8–7.1

27.42

(Wang et al., 2018a)

MCH-La39

7.0

136.78

(Dong et al., 2016)

Al-Zr-La tri-metal hydroxide40

3.0

90.48

(Zhou et al., 2018)

Zirconium-impregnated Camellia seed biochar41

3.0–11.0

11.04

(Mei et al., 2020)

Mg-Al-La tri-metal oxide42

4.0–10.0

31.72

(Wang et al., 2017a)

PPBC-La43

6.5

19.86

(Wang et al., 2017b)

Calcined kaolin/hydroxyapatite21

3.0

126.56

(El Messaoudi et al., 2024)

This study

5.0–7.0

118.43

This study