Table 1 Optimization results with fundamental peers on IEEE CEC2017 benchmark functions: AVG (average of best objective values across runs) and STD (standard deviation, reflecting algorithm stability and convergence consistency) are provided for each function.
From: Gaussian bare‑bone JAYA algorithm for multi-threshold medical image segmentation
Fun | F1 | F2 | F3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | AVG | STD | AVG | STD | AVG | STD |
GBJAYA | 4.8696 × 103 | 4.6332 × 103 | 2.2080 × 102 | 2.8123 × 101 | 3.4231 × 102 | 9.7523 × 101 |
JAYA | 5.2292 × 109 | 9.5626 × 108 | 9.8161 × 1030 | 4.2039 × 1031 | 4.1285 × 104 | 5.7775 × 103 |
RIME | 7.0889 × 103 | 5.4667 × 103 | 1.0768 × 103 | 1.8699 × 103 | 3.0166 × 102 | 5.8370 × 10− 1 |
MVO | 9.6610 × 103 | 5.3236 × 103 | 8.3430 × 102 | 1.3205 × 103 | 3.0032 × 102 | 1.2096 × 10− 1 |
ACOR | 9.4111 × 103 | 7.6096 × 103 | 1.1885 × 1024 | 6.4565 × 1024 | 6.8155 × 103 | 8.5163 × 103 |
GWO | 1.5830 × 109 | 1.2484 × 109 | 2.0691 × 1031 | 8.3650 × 1031 | 3.5575 × 104 | 1.1114 × 104 |
HHO | 1.0020 × 107 | 1.4247 × 106 | 1.5549 × 1012 | 2.3559 × 1012 | 4.4726 × 103 | 1.9962 × 103 |
SSA | 4.3128 × 103 | 5.8284 × 103 | 2.0470 × 102 | 2.2908 × 101 | 3.0000 × 102 | 1.2069 × 10− 8 |
PO | 7.9929 × 108 | 2.8730 × 109 | 3.6069 × 1038 | 9.5320 × 1038 | 5.2815 × 104 | 9.4825 × 103 |
SMA | 7.8537 × 103 | 7.3851 × 103 | 2.0027 × 102 | 1.4633 × 100 | 3.0002 × 102 | 1.1050 × 10− 2 |
HGS | 6.4136 × 103 | 5.5909 × 103 | 6.7606 × 1015 | 3.7029 × 1016 | 5.3917 × 102 | 7.4175 × 102 |
Fun | F4 | F5 | F6 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | AVG | STD | AVG | STD | AVG | STD |
GBJAYA | 4.7688 × 102 | 1.9294 × 101 | 5.4426 × 102 | 1.2086 × 101 | 6.0001 × 102 | 2.3159 × 10− 2 |
JAYA | 7.7075 × 102 | 5.9098 × 101 | 7.3377 × 102 | 1.4621 × 101 | 6.2097 × 102 | 2.8020 × 100 |
RIME | 4.9599 × 102 | 1.3525 × 101 | 5.8172 × 102 | 1.8673 × 101 | 6.0037 × 102 | 2.8588 × 10− 1 |
MVO | 4.8766 × 102 | 8.7486 × 100 | 5.7958 × 102 | 2.2022 × 101 | 6.0865 × 102 | 9.1750 × 100 |
ACOR | 4.8093 × 102 | 2.6358 × 101 | 6.0109 × 102 | 6.0123 × 101 | 6.0358 × 102 | 4.1475 × 100 |
GWO | 5.7669 × 102 | 7.3911 × 101 | 5.9781 × 102 | 2.3247 × 101 | 6.0751 × 102 | 5.3498 × 100 |
HHO | 5.1099 × 102 | 2.9081 × 101 | 7.3117 × 102 | 2.9261 × 101 | 6.6012 × 102 | 6.8956 × 100 |
SSA | 4.9139 × 102 | 2.0285 × 101 | 6.1405 × 102 | 4.6306 × 101 | 6.2670 × 102 | 6.5788 × 100 |
PO | 5.2352 × 102 | 1.9295 × 102 | 5.7103 × 102 | 2.9626 × 101 | 6.1117 × 102 | 1.6914 × 101 |
SMA | 4.9002 × 102 | 6.5725 × 100 | 5.8167 × 102 | 2.4957 × 101 | 6.0083 × 102 | 9.1907 × 10− 1 |
HGS | 4.8977 × 102 | 2.1245 × 101 | 6.3137 × 102 | 2.5299 × 101 | 6.0169 × 102 | 1.6187 × 100 |
Fun | F7 | F8 | F9 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | AVG | STD | AVG | STD | AVG | STD |
GBJAYA | 7.7067 × 102 | 1.1428 × 101 | 8.4563 × 102 | 1.1606 × 101 | 9.0492 × 102 | 7.3089 × 100 |
JAYA | 1.0371 × 103 | 2.0544 × 101 | 1.0360 × 103 | 1.2716 × 101 | 2.8617 × 103 | 3.4190 × 102 |
RIME | 8.0901 × 102 | 2.2529 × 101 | 8.8346 × 102 | 2.4484 × 101 | 1.2485 × 103 | 4.8719 × 102 |
MVO | 8.2898 × 102 | 3.1057 × 101 | 8.9132 × 102 | 2.3545 × 101 | 1.9948 × 103 | 2.0893 × 103 |
ACOR | 9.0762 × 102 | 5.9399 × 101 | 9.2881 × 102 | 7.0573 × 101 | 1.7097 × 103 | 1.1249 × 103 |
GWO | 8.5134 × 102 | 3.3981 × 101 | 8.8574 × 102 | 1.8238 × 101 | 2.0638 × 103 | 8.7677 × 102 |
HHO | 1.2405 × 103 | 6.1970 × 101 | 9.5023 × 102 | 2.2986 × 101 | 6.6080 × 103 | 6.4859 × 102 |
SSA | 8.6100 × 102 | 4.4648 × 101 | 9.1254 × 102 | 2.6216 × 101 | 2.4735 × 103 | 1.1657 × 103 |
PO | 8.1485 × 102 | 2.1543 × 101 | 9.1331 × 102 | 6.0004 × 101 | 2.8594 × 103 | 1.3875 × 103 |
SMA | 8.2606 × 102 | 2.2173 × 101 | 8.9291 × 102 | 2.1046 × 101 | 1.9297 × 103 | 1.0597 × 103 |
HGS | 8.8682 × 102 | 4.1592 × 101 | 9.0550 × 102 | 2.8188 × 101 | 3.6859 × 103 | 1.1664 × 103 |
Fun | F10 | F11 | F12 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | AVG | STD | AVG | STD | AVG | STD |
GBJAYA | 3.7291 × 103 | 7.0836 × 102 | 1.1432 × 103 | 2.9990 × 101 | 5.3538 × 104 | 4.6597 × 104 |
JAYA | 8.1096 × 103 | 2.7522 × 102 | 1.9219 × 103 | 1.2461 × 102 | 1.7119 × 108 | 4.4207 × 107 |
RIME | 3.7484 × 103 | 5.5395 × 102 | 1.1712 × 103 | 3.7821 × 101 | 2.3714 × 106 | 1.8168 × 106 |
MVO | 4.1674 × 103 | 5.8003 × 102 | 1.2385 × 103 | 5.2698 × 101 | 3.2058 × 106 | 2.0444 × 106 |
ACOR | 4.3405 × 103 | 2.0174 × 103 | 1.3065 × 103 | 1.4591 × 102 | 6.9346 × 105 | 1.9721 × 106 |
GWO | 3.9043 × 103 | 7.3242 × 102 | 1.5702 × 103 | 2.8102 × 102 | 5.8346 × 107 | 7.0380 × 107 |
HHO | 5.3800 × 103 | 6.5045 × 102 | 1.2495 × 103 | 3.7680 × 101 | 8.4339 × 106 | 4.1700 × 106 |
SSA | 4.8082 × 103 | 7.2903 × 102 | 1.3000 × 103 | 5.5350 × 101 | 1.4953 × 106 | 1.6426 × 106 |
PO | 4.4826 × 103 | 9.2261 × 102 | 1.2621 × 103 | 3.5948 × 102 | 3.5501 × 107 | 1.1569 × 108 |
SMA | 4.2749 × 103 | 6.2201 × 102 | 1.2458 × 103 | 4.8032 × 101 | 1.0955 × 106 | 1.0664 × 106 |
HGS | 3.8968 × 103 | 4.2265 × 102 | 1.1993 × 103 | 3.4343 × 101 | 9.5809 × 105 | 7.2242 × 105 |
Fun | F13 | F14 | F15 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | AVG | STD | AVG | STD | AVG | STD |
GBJAYA | 1.5197 × 104 | 1.5429 × 104 | 1.8031 × 103 | 1.1516 × 103 | 9.1248 × 103 | 1.0338 × 104 |
JAYA | 8.5448 × 106 | 8.9468 × 106 | 7.7677 × 104 | 3.6240 × 104 | 4.8633 × 106 | 2.8863 × 106 |
RIME | 1.7623 × 104 | 1.8098 × 104 | 1.2118 × 104 | 7.0678 × 103 | 1.7420 × 104 | 1.3819 × 104 |
MVO | 7.5034 × 104 | 7.2501 × 104 | 5.3259 × 103 | 3.0006 × 103 | 2.0152 × 104 | 1.4990 × 104 |
ACOR | 3.3016 × 104 | 2.6000 × 104 | 2.3577 × 104 | 2.0794 × 104 | 2.0549 × 104 | 1.4970 × 104 |
GWO | 7.5423 × 106 | 2.3089 × 107 | 2.0056 × 105 | 4.7896 × 105 | 2.7464 × 105 | 8.7499 × 105 |
HHO | 3.8602 × 105 | 3.5000 × 105 | 4.0614 × 104 | 3.6492 × 104 | 4.8702 × 104 | 3.0289 × 104 |
SSA | 1.1687 × 105 | 7.2148 × 104 | 5.6166 × 103 | 3.8050 × 103 | 5.9369 × 104 | 3.7832 × 104 |
PO | 1.7808 × 108 | 3.1321 × 108 | 3.2433 × 105 | 2.7253 × 105 | 1.5352 × 106 | 8.3362 × 106 |
SMA | 3.3475 × 104 | 2.6273 × 104 | 3.2695 × 104 | 1.7823 × 104 | 2.5622 × 104 | 1.5824 × 104 |
HGS | 2.7991 × 104 | 2.5482 × 104 | 4.1264 × 104 | 2.5432 × 104 | 1.3951 × 104 | 1.3443 × 104 |
Fun | F16 | F17 | F18 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | AVG | STD | AVG | STD | AVG | STD |
GBJAYA | 2.1337 × 103 | 2.3436 × 102 | 1.8884 × 103 | 1.3205 × 102 | 5.3460 × 104 | 4.7707 × 104 |
JAYA | 3.5246 × 103 | 2.1226 × 102 | 2.2770 × 103 | 1.0476 × 102 | 1.6505 × 106 | 8.0545 × 105 |
RIME | 2.4365 × 103 | 2.6390 × 102 | 2.0713 × 103 | 1.7793 × 102 | 2.8887 × 105 | 2.2939 × 105 |
MVO | 2.5341 × 103 | 3.2521 × 102 | 1.9765 × 103 | 1.4228 × 102 | 2.8322 × 105 | 1.7560 × 105 |
ACOR | 2.2231 × 103 | 3.9063 × 102 | 2.0988 × 103 | 2.1283 × 102 | 6.8091 × 105 | 1.2092 × 106 |
GWO | 2.3707 × 103 | 2.0507 × 102 | 1.9862 × 103 | 1.4064 × 102 | 1.0185 × 106 | 1.6015 × 106 |
HHO | 3.3226 × 103 | 4.5686 × 102 | 2.4933 × 103 | 2.0058 × 102 | 6.9933 × 105 | 6.7669 × 105 |
SSA | 2.4815 × 103 | 3.0135 × 102 | 2.0574 × 103 | 1.5015 × 102 | 1.5714 × 105 | 1.1505 × 105 |
PO | 3.1012 × 103 | 7.2794 × 102 | 2.7773 × 103 | 2.3239 × 102 | 3.5187 × 106 | 3.9569 × 106 |
SMA | 2.3813 × 103 | 2.8721 × 102 | 2.2335 × 103 | 1.8228 × 102 | 3.8785 × 105 | 3.1568 × 105 |
HGS | 2.7935 × 103 | 2.7936 × 102 | 2.2623 × 103 | 2.0556 × 102 | 2.2850 × 105 | 1.7681 × 105 |
Fun | F19 | F20 | F21 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | AVG | STD | AVG | STD | AVG | STD |
GBJAYA | 1.4175 × 104 | 1.5035 × 104 | 2.1665 × 103 | 1.1995 × 102 | 2.3443 × 103 | 1.3806 × 101 |
JAYA | 8.1320 × 105 | 7.8982 × 105 | 2.5995 × 103 | 1.1457 × 102 | 2.5197 × 103 | 1.2461 × 101 |
RIME | 1.1149 × 104 | 1.1332 × 104 | 2.2894 × 103 | 1.6903 × 102 | 2.3896 × 103 | 1.7873 × 101 |
MVO | 3.4033 × 104 | 4.6635 × 104 | 2.3151 × 103 | 1.5443 × 102 | 2.3797 × 103 | 2.0055 × 101 |
ACOR | 3.1196 × 104 | 2.6986 × 104 | 2.3124 × 103 | 2.0039 × 102 | 2.4101 × 103 | 5.5263 × 101 |
GWO | 6.5723 × 105 | 1.8150 × 106 | 2.4522 × 103 | 1.6140 × 102 | 2.3862 × 103 | 1.7939 × 101 |
HHO | 2.5271 × 105 | 1.7466 × 105 | 2.6708 × 103 | 1.9727 × 102 | 2.5680 × 103 | 5.1494 × 101 |
SSA | 2.6766 × 105 | 1.3523 × 105 | 2.4157 × 103 | 1.4679 × 102 | 2.3999 × 103 | 2.6161 × 101 |
PO | 6.8970 × 106 | 9.8622 × 106 | 2.7473 × 103 | 1.4477 × 102 | 2.3674 × 103 | 1.7241 × 101 |
SMA | 3.3077 × 104 | 2.2328 × 104 | 2.4044 × 103 | 1.6881 × 102 | 2.3943 × 103 | 2.3235 × 101 |
HGS | 1.5114 × 104 | 1.9551 × 104 | 2.5417 × 103 | 2.3445 × 102 | 2.4358 × 103 | 3.9432 × 101 |
Fun | F22 | F23 | F24 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | AVG | STD | AVG | STD | AVG | STD |
GBJAYA | 2.3572 × 103 | 3.1285 × 102 | 2.7033 × 103 | 1.4212 × 101 | 2.8733 × 103 | 1.6765 × 101 |
JAYA | 2.7958 × 103 | 8.9002 × 101 | 2.9701 × 103 | 1.8594 × 101 | 3.1277 × 103 | 2.9357 × 101 |
RIME | 4.2307 × 103 | 1.4392 × 103 | 2.7439 × 103 | 2.3976 × 101 | 2.9457 × 103 | 3.2772 × 101 |
MVO | 4.6228 × 103 | 1.4951 × 103 | 2.7395 × 103 | 2.7845 × 101 | 2.8960 × 103 | 2.1963 × 101 |
ACOR | 5.6515 × 103 | 2.3789 × 103 | 2.7258 × 103 | 3.0524 × 101 | 2.9686 × 103 | 6.7053 × 101 |
GWO | 4.5772 × 103 | 1.4715 × 103 | 2.7492 × 103 | 3.7500 × 101 | 2.9207 × 103 | 4.8668 × 101 |
HHO | 6.2713 × 103 | 2.1243 × 103 | 3.1397 × 103 | 1.3773 × 102 | 3.4158 × 103 | 1.3890 × 102 |
SSA | 4.9232 × 103 | 1.6833 × 103 | 2.7478 × 103 | 2.4842 × 101 | 2.9186 × 103 | 3.2472 × 101 |
PO | 4.7216 × 103 | 1.3945 × 103 | 2.8647 × 103 | 1.1830 × 102 | 3.2690 × 103 | 7.7941 × 101 |
SMA | 5.7581 × 103 | 5.4919 × 102 | 2.7530 × 103 | 2.4087 × 101 | 2.9131 × 103 | 2.2764 × 101 |
HGS | 5.2565 × 103 | 1.0201 × 103 | 2.7684 × 103 | 3.1328 × 101 | 3.0190 × 103 | 4.8614 × 101 |
Fun | F25 | F26 | F27 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | AVG | STD | AVG | STD | AVG | STD |
GBJAYA | 2.8869 × 103 | 1.6262 × 100 | 4.2370 × 103 | 1.8489 × 102 | 3.2153 × 103 | 9.6363 × 100 |
JAYA | 2.9700 × 103 | 3.2434 × 101 | 6.1350 × 103 | 1.1897 × 103 | 3.3494 × 103 | 3.4378 × 101 |
RIME | 2.8913 × 103 | 1.0864 × 101 | 4.4470 × 103 | 5.9686 × 102 | 3.2206 × 103 | 1.2430 × 101 |
MVO | 2.8885 × 103 | 8.8403 × 100 | 4.4879 × 103 | 4.1031 × 102 | 3.2177 × 103 | 1.5647 × 101 |
ACOR | 2.9089 × 103 | 6.5892 × 101 | 4.5843 × 103 | 3.5632 × 102 | 3.2259 × 103 | 1.5634 × 101 |
GWO | 2.9774 × 103 | 3.9224 × 101 | 4.6878 × 103 | 3.2262 × 102 | 3.2522 × 103 | 2.9278 × 101 |
HHO | 2.9102 × 103 | 2.0365 × 101 | 6.5191 × 103 | 1.8503 × 103 | 3.3501 × 103 | 1.1501 × 102 |
SSA | 2.8967 × 103 | 1.7244 × 101 | 4.3342 × 103 | 8.7235 × 102 | 3.2311 × 103 | 1.5758 × 101 |
PO | 2.9018 × 103 | 2.5300 × 101 | 5.8318 × 103 | 1.4694 × 103 | 3.3894 × 103 | 6.4687 × 101 |
SMA | 2.8871 × 103 | 1.3350 × 100 | 4.6402 × 103 | 2.5482 × 102 | 3.2130 × 103 | 8.5334 × 100 |
HGS | 2.8898 × 103 | 9.0638 × 100 | 5.0064 × 103 | 4.8482 × 102 | 3.2239 × 103 | 1.3178 × 101 |
Fun | F28 | F29 | F30 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | AVG | STD | AVG | STD | AVG | STD |
GBJAYA | 3.1783 × 103 | 6.4030 × 101 | 3.5113 × 103 | 1.5386 × 102 | 9.3033 × 103 | 3.8683 × 103 |
JAYA | 3.5391 × 103 | 5.7568 × 101 | 4.4903 × 103 | 1.8810 × 102 | 1.6918 × 107 | 4.2436 × 106 |
RIME | 3.2123 × 103 | 3.6337 × 101 | 3.7164 × 103 | 1.6050 × 102 | 2.7208 × 104 | 3.7782 × 104 |
MVO | 3.2117 × 103 | 4.4636 × 101 | 3.7275 × 103 | 1.8689 × 102 | 7.3564 × 105 | 6.4366 × 105 |
ACOR | 3.3902 × 103 | 5.5561 × 102 | 3.7321 × 103 | 2.3888 × 102 | 1.3371 × 104 | 6.0132 × 103 |
GWO | 3.4120 × 103 | 1.3248 × 102 | 3.7379 × 103 | 1.5129 × 102 | 5.8266 × 106 | 3.8755 × 106 |
HHO | 3.2646 × 103 | 2.4224 × 101 | 4.3325 × 103 | 3.3616 × 102 | 1.6245 × 106 | 7.9208 × 105 |
SSA | 3.2078 × 103 | 4.7013 × 101 | 3.8788 × 103 | 1.9572 × 102 | 9.6286 × 105 | 7.1633 × 105 |
PO | 3.7523 × 103 | 5.0848 × 102 | 4.5731 × 103 | 4.5220 × 102 | 6.6194 × 107 | 9.1194 × 107 |
SMA | 3.2307 × 103 | 4.0898 × 101 | 3.7783 × 103 | 2.1188 × 102 | 1.6431 × 104 | 4.9686 × 103 |
HGS | 3.2093 × 103 | 4.1217 × 101 | 3.8202 × 103 | 1.6769 × 102 | 8.9883 × 104 | 1.2778 × 105 |