Fig. 1

Map of the Maziba catchment showing the 16 water quality sampling stations and land cover distribution. The catchment extends from southwestern Uganda into Rwanda, with elevation ranging from around 1,760 m at Maziba Dam to 2,488 m in the northeast. Land cover is dominated by cropland (yellow) with limited tree cover (dark green). Numbers 1–16 with a dark circle/background indicate sampling stations, while numbers with a white background represent sub-catchments listed in Table 1. The Maziba drains towards the Kagera river.