Fig. 1

(a): Number of SNPs per soybean chromosome. Chromosome 12 and 18 harbor the lowest and highest number of SNPs, respectively. Panel (b) shows the SNP density across soybean genome, where the vertical axis displays the chromosome number, horizontal axis displays chromosome length (1 Mb window), and the various colors represent SNP density or total number of SNPs per window. Chromosomes with high SNP density—such as Chr7, Chr9, Chr16, and Chr18—highlight regions of high genetic variation. These SNP-rich zones (in red) are useful for association mapping, diversity studies, and marker development. Conversely, SNP-poor chromosomes, including Chr2, Chr3, and Chr4, as well as relatively low-density regions on Chr1, Chr10, and Chr11 (green zones), suggest more conserved genomic segments. These regions may reflect low recombination or evolutionary conservation.