Table 2 Participant baseline biochemical bone markers, bone mineral density, dietary intake, and sun exposure habits (n = 108).

From: Associations of bone health biomarkers and bone mineral density with dietary intakes in vitamin D deficient women: a cross-sectional study

Variables

Participants included in baseline assessment (n = 108)

Biochemical bone markers1

 PTH serum (pg/mL)

47.83 ± 17.82

 BSAP serum (U/L)

20.21 ± 9.63

 Osteocalcin serum (ng/mL)

25.02 ± 9.10

DEXA-total body (ancillary results)2

 BMD total body (g/cm²)

1.09 ± 0.08

 Young adult T-score (SD) total body3

0.10 ± 0.79

 Age-matched Z-score (SD) total body3

0.51 ± 0.82

 BMC (g)

1968.69 ± 219.00

Daily usual nutrient and food group intake1

(n = 106)*

 Nutrients

  Energy (kcal/day)

1565.70 ± 267.70

  Protein (g/day)4

51.90 ± 8.50

  Carbohydrate (g/day)

228.33 ± 46.50

  Fat (g/day)

49.90 ± 12.30

  Calcium (mg/day)4

480.60 ± 117.70

  Phosphorus (mg/day)4

1067.40 ± 177.30

  Vitamin D (µg/day)4

1.14 ± 0.99

 Food groups

  Cereals (g/day)

180.70 ± 29.60

  Legumes (g/day)

33.60 ± 11.80

  Vegetables (g/day)

157.90 ± 40.50

  Fats and Oils (g/day)

26.00 ± 8.50

  Milk (g/day)

152.90 ± 92.83

  Nonvegetarian (Meat/Poultry/Fish/Egg) (g/day)5

0.68 ± 0.47

Sun exposure habits n(%)

(n = 106)*

 Average daily sun exposure in the past 4-weeks2

  < 5 min per day

27 (25.00)

  5–15 min per day

54 (50.00)

  15–30 min per day

21 (19.40)

  > 30 min per day

4 (3.70)

  1. 1Values are expressed as the means ± SDs for continuous variables.
  2. 2Values are expressed as numbers (percentages, %) for categorical variables.
  3. 3Values for YA-T score: number of SDs a participant’s total body BMD deviation from the peak bone mass of a healthy young adult (age ≥ 20 years; n = 92); values for AM Z score (total body): number of SDs a participant’s total body BMD differs from that of the age-matched reference population (age < 20 years; n = 16).
  4. 4Reference values for estimated average requirements (EAR)/day for a sedentary adult Indian woman: protein = 36 g; calcium = 800 mg; phosphorus = 600 mg; vitamin D = 10 µg.
  5. 5Nonvegetarian (meal/poultry/fish/egg) intake (g/day) was computed by aggregating the frequencies of all nonvegetarian food items to derive a consolidated value.
  6. *Two out of 108 participants (study dropouts) did not complete the diet recall and sun exposure questionnaires; hence, the sample size for these variables is n = 106.
  7. PTH parathyroid hormone, BSAP bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, DEXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, BMD bone mineral density, YA young adult, AM age-matched, BMC bone mineral content.
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