Table 3 Summary of distinct characteristics in each method.

From: Development of an automated transformer-based text analysis framework for monitoring fire door defects in buildings

Aspect

BERT

RoBERTa

ALBERT

DistilBERT

XLNet

Training Objectives

Masked Language

Masked Language

Masked Language

Masked Language

Permutation Language

Pre-training Method

Autoencoding

Autoencoding

Autoencoding

Distillation

Autoregressive

Autoregressive

No

No

No

No

Yes

Factorized Embedding

No

No

Yes

No

No

Computational Resources

More demanding

More demanding

Less demanding

Less demanding

More demanding