Table 5 Measurement uncertainty and repeatability of key parameters.

From: Machine learning-based prediction of well performance parameters for wellhead choke flow optimization

Parameter

Measurement method/source

Accuracy (±)

Repeatability

Wellhead pressure (Pwh)

Pressure gauge/sensor at wellhead

± 0.5% of full scale ( ≈ ± 5 bar)

Within ± 2%

Choke size (D64)

Calibrated choke bean size

± 0.1 mm

High (fixed orifice)

Liquid flow rate (QL)

Separator test/calibrated flow meter

± 2% of reading

± 3% across repeated runs

Gas–liquid ratio (GLR)

Calculated from gas and liquid test separators

± 3%

± 3–5%

BS&W content

Standard lab analysis (centrifuge/ASTM method)

± 0.5 vol%

± 1 vol%