Table 10 Scalability evaluation of AI models across dataset sizes and dimensions.

From: Intelligent information management enables quality-by-design in pharmaceutical production

Model

Dataset Size (10 K) Runtime (s)

Dataset Size (100 K) Runtime (s)

Memory Usage (GB)

Accuracy (R²)

Random Forest (RF)

18.2

241.7

6.3

0.86

Gradient Boosting

21.5

276.5

7.1

0.88

Support vector mach.

35.2

412.3

8.5

0.84

CNN

42.8

109.5

5.8

0.92

DNN

39.6

98.7

6.1

0.93