Table 13 Benchmarking results: AI-powered QbD versus traditional methods.
From: Intelligent information management enables quality-by-design in pharmaceutical production
Method | R² ↑ | RMSE ↓ | Adaptability | Efficiency (Runtime, s) ↓ | Interpretability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DoE (Factorial Design) | 0.81 | 0.215 | Low | 75.4 | High |
Regression (Linear/GLM) | 0.84 | 0.198 | Low–Medium | 68.2 | High |
Random Forest (RF) | 0.86 | 0.182 | Medium | 241.7 | Medium |
CNN | 0.92 | 0.142 | High | 109.5 | Medium |
DNN | 0.93 | 0.138 | High | 98.7 | Medium |
