Fig. 4

1,25(OH)₂D₃ downregulated bacteria associated with inflammation and stress pathways. Heatmap of Spearman’s correlation analysis between metabolic-related parameters and bacteria at the genus level (a). The correlation between microbial species and biomarkers was visualized by color depth, where the darker the color, the stronger the correlation. Red represents a positive correlation, and blue represents a negative correlation. STAMP was used to analyze and visualize the changes in the predictive function of intestinal microbiota in T2DM and DM-VD mice (b). * and ** indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively.