Table 4 Comprehensive summary of outcome variables, within-group changes (Wilcoxon), and between-group comparisons.
Variable | Group | Pre-test median (lower quartile-upper quartile) | Post-test median (lower quartile-upper quartile) | Wilcoxon(within-group P value/Z/r) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Functional Movements (score) | Flexible flatfeet group | 9.50 (8–10.75) | 12 (10–12) | 0.001¥ Z = − 4.16 r = − 0.84 |
Normal feet group | 13 (11–14) | 14 (13–15) | 0.001¥ Z = − 6.44 r = − 0.76 | |
Mann–Whitney U (comparison) | P = 0.001* Z = − 5.32 r = − 0.54 | P = 0.001* Z = − 5.29 r = − 0.54 | – | |
Abdominal muscle endurance (number) | Flexible flatfeet group | 10 (8.25–14.75) | 12 (9.25–14.75) | 0.001¥ Z = − 3.54 r = − 0.72 |
Normal feet group | 12 (10–14) | 14 (12–16) | 0.001¥ Z = − 6.25 r = − 0.74 | |
Mann–Whitney U (comparison) | P = 0.040* Z = − 2.05 r = − 0.211 | P = 0.014* Z = − 2.44 r = − 0.25 | – | |
Endurance of spinal extensor muscles (seconds) | Flexible flatfeet group | 10.30 (7.41–17.25) | 16.85 (12.55–21.23) | 0.01¥ Z = − 4.04 r = − 0.82 |
Normal feet group | 19.95 (14.32–29.78) | 25.76 (18.47–38.03) | 0.001¥ Z = − 7.05 r = − 0.84 | |
Mann–Whitney U (comparison) | P = 0.001* Z = − 4.12 r = − 0.42 | P = 0.001* Z = − 4.13 r = − 0.42 | – | |
Agility (seconds) | Flexible flatfeet group | 11.75 (11.37–11.95) | 11.21 (10.74–11.64) | 0.01¥ Z = − 3.32 r = − 0.67 |
Normal feet group | 11.47 (11.07–11.95) | 11.04 (10.43–11.48) | 0.001¥ Z = − 6.65 r = − 0.79 | |
Mann–Whitney U (comparison) | P = 0.148 Z = − 1.44 r = − 0.14 | P = 0.17 Z = − 1.36 r = − 0.14 | – | |
Static balance (seconds) | Flexible flatfeet group | 9.84 (6.15–13.88) | 15.35 (13.47–20.07) | 0.001¥ Z = − 4.25 r = − 0.86 |
Normal feet group | 21.24 (11.98–45.85) | 30 (17.97–54.50) | 0.001¥ Z = − 7.17 r = − 0.85 | |
Mann–Whitney U (comparison) | P = 0.001* Z = − 4.83 r = − 0.49 | P = 0.001* Z = − 4.19 r = − 0.43 | – | |
Dynamic balance (cm) Total score | Flexible flatfeet group | 70.84 (65.63–77.43) | 77.72 (72.55–82.42) | 0.001¥ Z = − 4.28 r = − 0.87 |
Normal feet group | 70.04 (62.51–76.88) | 76.68 (73.53–83.23) | 0.001¥ Z = − 7.13 r = − 0.85 | |
Mann–Whitney U (comparison) | P = 0.61 Z = − 0.50 r = − 0.05 | P = 0.716 Z = − 0.36 r = − 0.03 | – | |
Dynamic balance (cm) Anterior direction | Flexible flatfeet group | 78.14 (69.42–85.16) | 84.18 (78.14–91.39) | 0.001¥ Z = − 4.10 r = − 0.83 |
Normal feet group | 75.73 (69.09–86.21) | 85.25 (77.26–91.62) | 0.001¥ Z = − 6.28 r = − 0.75 | |
Mann–Whitney U (comparison) | P = 0.92 Z = − 0.10 r = − 0.01 | P = 0.822 Z = − 0.22 r = − 0.02 | – | |
Dynamic balance (cm) Posterior internal direction | Flexible flatfeet group | 75.47 (64.99–82.69) | 80.76 (75.49–86.63) | 0.001¥ Z = − 3.72 r = − 0.75 |
Normal feet group | 75.39 (65.68–84.00) | 83.65 (75.69–91.95) | 0.001¥ Z = − 6.53 r = − 0.78 | |
Mann–Whitney U (comparison) | P = 0.93 Z = − 0.7 r = − 0.007 | P = 0.372 Z = − 0.89 r = − 0.09 | – | |
Dynamic balance (cm) Posterior external direction | Flexible flatfeet group | 61.17 (56.15–67.82) | 64.74 (59.92–72.25) | 0.001¥ Z = − 3.63 r = − 0.74 |
Normal feet group | 58.76 (51.62–67.31) | 66.19 (58.82–74.66) | 0.001¥ Z = − 6.60 r = − 0.78 | |
Mann–Whitney U (comparison) | P = 0.340 Z = − 0.954 r = − 0.09 | P = 0.825 Z = − 0.22 r = − 0.02 | – | |
