Fig. 6
Effect of Bacillus coagulans ATCC 7050 treatment on hippocampal oxidative stress markers in Aβ1–42-injected rats. (a) Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the hippocampus (lipid peroxidation marker) shown as mean ± SEM. (b) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, expressed as mean ± SEM. (c) Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, shown as median and interquartile range (IQR) using box plot; statistical analysis performed with Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn’s post hoc test due to non-normal distribution of GPx data. Rats were assigned to Sham, BC, AD, or AD + BC groups (n = 5 per group). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 vs. Sham; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01 vs. AD.
