Fig. 3 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 3

From: Cathelicidin LL37-loaded extracellular vesicles from Edwardsiella piscicida promote antibacterial and wound-healing activity

Fig. 3

Antibacterial activity of EpEVs-LL37 against E. piscicida. (a) Time-kill kinetics of E. piscicida treated with LL37, EpEVs, or EpEVs-LL37. (b) Cell viability of EpEVs-LL37-treated E. piscicida was evaluated using MTT assay. (c) Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis of E. piscicida treated with LL37, EpEVs, or EpEVs-LL37. Bacterial cultures of E. piscicida (OD595 ~ 0.1) were treated with LL37, EpEVs, or EpEVs-LL37 (40 µg/mL) for 12 h prior to fixation and dehydration. Red arrows indicate the deformation and structural damage of bacterial cells resulting from each treatment. (* = p < 0.05. ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001, **** = p < 0.0001).

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