Figure 10
Comparison of the optimal route results. The QA methods in (a) and (b) demonstrate that, as the problem size increases, a complexity-based problem formulation approach, as opposed to a simple size-based approach, leads to a reduction in sampling time by approximately 28.2% for large-scale problems with 1000 to 10,000 variables. The error bars indicated standard error (SE) across repeated experiments. Statistical significance of pairwise comparisons was assessed using Welch’s two-tailed t-test (\(\alpha = 0.05\))..
