Table 5 Enhanced antibacterial activity of CIP by CS formulations compared by individual agents. Fold change (Area) = Inhibition zone area of treatmen/Inhibition zone area of CIP (control). p-values are from post hoc bonferroni comparisons between each treatment group and the CIP control.

From: Chitosan mitigates pan drug resistance in citrobacter freundii exhibiting AmpC and ESBL from Egyptian livestock

Agents

Buffalo

Broiler chickens

Mean Zone Diameter (mm) ±SD

Zone Area= (πr²) (mm²)

Fold-change (Area)

P value

Mean Zone Diameter (mm) ±SD

Zone Area= (πr²) (mm²)

Fold-change (Area)

P value

CIP (control)

1.57±0.36

2.05

1

 

1.69±0.47

2.40

1

 

CS 1%

1.69±0.35

2.34

1.14

1

1.91±0.19

2.88

1.20

1

CS 2%

1.96±0.35

3.11

1.52

0.02*

2.2±0.24

3.84

1.60

0.006*

CSNPs

2.09±0.36

3.53

1.72

<0.001*

2.33±0.24

4.31

1.80

<0.001*

CS 1% + CIP

2.06±0.27

3.40

1.66

<0.001*

2.35±0.23

4.38

1.83

<0.001*

CS 2% + CIP

2.31±0.32

4.29

2.09

<0.001*

2.63±0.28

5.50

2.29

<0.001*

CSNPs + CIP

2.44±0.32

4.77

2.33

<0.001*

2.75±0.34

6.04

2.52

<0.001*

  1. Where, * refer to statistically significant difference at p<0.05.
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