Figure 1

Representative flow cytometric analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS levels in maternal peripheral blood lymphocytes. Representative dot plots display the mitochondrial membrane potential in three groups: NC(A), NCE(B), GDM(C), and GDME(D). Each plot is divided into four quadrants (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4) based on fluorescence intensity: Q1 (Upper Left): High BL2-H (PE) and low BL1-H (FITC), indicating early apoptotic cells with high mitochondrial activity. Q2 (Upper Right): High BL2-H (PE) and BL1-H (FITC), representing cells with high mitochondrial membrane potential. Q3 (Lower Right): Low BL2-H (PE) and high BL1-H (FITC), indicating cells with a collapsed mitochondrial membrane potential (key indicator of mitochondrial dysfunction). This population is particularly important in analysing oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury. Q4 (Lower Left): Low BL2-H (PE) and BL1-H (FITC), representing intact cells with no mitochondrial stress. Histogram of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in lymphocytes across the NC, NCE, GDM, and GDME groups(E). The x-axis represents the fluorescence intensity of BL1-A (FITC-A), indicating ROS production, while the y-axis represents the cell count. A clear rightward shift in the GDM group compared to the NC group demonstrates increased ROS levels, indicative of oxidative stress in GDM patients. The GDME group shows a partial reversal of ROS production toward normal levels, consistent with improved oxidative balance following intervention.