Fig. 4

Steady-state solutions of the model. Fixed points as intersections of \(y_1(x)\) and \(y_2(x)\) for increasing values of tumor proliferation rate \(\alpha\) in (a), and immune recruitment rate \(\rho\) in (b). Panels on the right illustrate the displacement of the fixed points: tumor escape (TE), saddle point (SP), and tumor control (TC). In panels (a,b), only one parameter was varied at a time—\(\alpha\) in (a) and \(\rho\) in (b)—while all others were kept constant. \(\alpha =100\%=1.636\) and \(\rho =100\%=1.131\).