Table 2 Comparative analysis results for different WSN node Densities.

From: Energy-Aware adaptive virtualization and migration protocol for green IoT wireless sensor networks

Metrics

PMP

LVF

F-SVNE

AoI-aware DRL

Hybrid FL–DRL

EAVM (Proposed)

Improvement vs. Best Competitor (%)

Green Virtualization Rate (%)

86.85

91.03

93.60

95.72

96.84

98.81

+ 2.0

Migration Rate ↓

39.2

31.42

21.07

18.56

17.42

16.21

−7.0

Response Time (s) ↓

2.07

1.68

1.23

1.05

0.91

0.82

−9.9

Resource Utilization (%) ↑

86.7

90.15

92.59

95.21

96.03

99.99

+ 4.1