Table 2 Implementation details of blockchain.

From: An IoT-based healthcare system using blockchain technology and multiscale stacked Residual-GRU for secure data transmission

Attribute

Description

Blockchain Type

Permissioned blockchain restricted to authorized healthcare participants

Consensus Mechanism

Lightweight trust-based consensus (similar to PBFT/PoA) for low-latency IoT transactions

Smart Contracts

Used for authentication, automated access control, and transaction validation

Data Hash Storage

On-chain: Patient data hashes & timestamps; Off-chain: Complete medical records

Security Attributes

Immutability, transparency, confidentiality, auditability, and resistance to tampering

Scalability Support

Optimized storage with off-chain data handling and efficient consensus

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