Table 4 Comparative evaluation of deterministic, stochastic, and robust settlement models.

From: Temporally consistent tri ledger settlement enables robust and noncontestable coordination in interprovincial power systems

Benchmark model

Fairness-adjusted welfare (M$)

Deviation incentive reduction (%)

Temporal consistency index (–)

Computation time (s)

Deterministic Baseline

12.46

–

0.923

31.8

Stochastic Benchmark

13.09

+29.2

0.937

34.7

Robust Benchmark

13.27

+46.1

0.951

35.6

Proposed TCS Framework

14.78

+73.0

0.968

37.2

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